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ICSM Computer

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Ravi Vishwakarma is a dedicated Software Developer with a passion for crafting efficient and innovative solutions. With a keen eye for detail and years of experience, he excels in developing robust software systems that meet client needs. His expertise spans across multiple programming languages and technologies, making him a valuable asset in any software development project.

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ICSM Computer

ICSM Computer

30-Sep-2025

OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) is a programming paradigm where you organize code into classes and objects.

  • Class → A blueprint (like a template) for creating objects.
  • Object → An instance of a class (a real thing created from the blueprint).

Example in real life:

  • Class = Car (blueprint: wheels, engine, color, methods like drive, stop).
  • Object = my_car, your_car (specific cars created from that blueprint).

2. Python Class & Object

# Define a class
class Car:
    def __init__(self, brand, color):
        self.brand = brand
        self.color = color

    def drive(self):
        print(f"{self.color} {self.brand} is driving")

# Create objects (instances)
car1 = Car("Tesla", "Red")
car2 = Car("BMW", "Black")

car1.drive()  # Red Tesla is driving
car2.drive()  # Black BMW is driving
  • __init__ Constructor (runs when you create an object).
  • self Refers to the current object instance.

3. OOP Principles in Python

a) Encapsulation

Bundling data (attributes) and methods (functions) together.

class BankAccount:
    def __init__(self, balance):
        self.__balance = balance  # private attribute (note: name mangling)

    def deposit(self, amount):
        self.__balance += amount

    def get_balance(self):
        return self.__balance

account = BankAccount(1000)
account.deposit(500)
print(account.get_balance())  # 1500

b) Inheritance

One class can inherit attributes/methods from another.

class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        print("This animal makes a sound")

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        print("Woof!")

dog = Dog()
dog.speak()  # Woof!

c) Polymorphism

Same method name, different behavior depending on the object.

class Cat:
    def speak(self):
        print("Meow!")

animals = [Dog(), Cat()]
for a in animals:
    a.speak()  # Woof! / Meow!

d) Abstraction

Hiding details and exposing only essential features (using abc module).

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Shape(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def area(self):
        pass

class Circle(Shape):
    def __init__(self, r):
        self.r = r
    def area(self):
        return 3.14 * self.r * self.r

c = Circle(5)
print(c.area())  # 78.5

4. Key Features in Python OOP

  • Everything is an object → functions, numbers, strings, classes.
  • Dynamic typing → attributes can be added to objects at runtime.
  • Multiple inheritance → A class can inherit from more than one class.

In short:

  • Use classes to create reusable blueprints.
  • Create objects from them.
  • Apply OOP principles: Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction.
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