CSS Custom Properties (Variables) vs. Preprocessor Variables

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Ravi Vishwakarma · Answer

CSS Custom Properties (Variables) and Preprocessor Variables serve similar purposes, but they have some key differences in how they are defined, scoped, and manipulated. Let's compare them:
CSS Custom Properties (Variables):
Definition: CSS Custom Properties, also known as 
CSS Variables, are defined using the -- prefix within a CSS declaration block.
:root {
  --primary-color: #3498db;
}
Scope:
CSS Custom Properties have a wider scope and can be accessed globally within the document, making them useful for theming and dynamic styling.They are inherited by descendant elements, but they can also be overridden at any level.
Manipulation: Custom Properties can be manipulated dynamically using JavaScript, allowing for dynamic theming or responsive design changes.
document.documentElement.style.setProperty('--primary-color', 'red');
Fallback Values: Custom Properties support fallback values, which can be useful for ensuring compatibility with older browsers that do not support custom properties.
.element {
  color: var(--primary-color, #3498db); /* Fallback value */
}
Preprocessor Variables (SASS/LESS):
Definition: Preprocessor Variables are defined using the respective syntax of the preprocessor ($ for SASS,
@ for LESS).
$primary-color: #3498db;
Scope:
Preprocessor Variables have a limited scope within the file where they are defined, and they are compiled into standard CSS before being applied.They do not have global scope like CSS Custom Properties.
Manipulation:
Preprocessor Variables are static and cannot be manipulated at runtime like CSS Custom Properties.They are resolved during compilation and replaced with their assigned values in the generated CSS.
Fallback Values: Preprocessor Variables do not inherently support fallback values, but conditional logic can be used to achieve similar functionality.
$primary-color: #3498db !default; /* Default value */
When to Use Each:
CSS Custom Properties are more suitable for global theming, dynamic styling, and situations where you need to manipulate values dynamically at runtime.Preprocessor Variables are useful for static values that do not need to be changed dynamically and for scoping variables within specific stylesheets.
CSS Custom Properties and Preprocessor Variables both provide ways to define reusable values in CSS, but they differ in scope, manipulation, and fallback mechanisms. Choose the one that best fits your project's requirements and compatibility needs.

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CSS Custom Properties (Variables) vs. Preprocessor Variables

Sanjay Goenka

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CSS Custom Properties (Variables):

Preprocessor Variables (SASS/LESS):

When to Use Each:

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