The forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain are the three main anatomical regions of the human brain. Each one has a ventricle, which is a fluid-filled cavity. The frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes are located on either side of the brain. Each lobe is in charge of a certain bodily function, such as cognition, speech, movement, and so on. Primary brain cancer, like other malignancies, is defined as malignant development that arises from any location. Secondary as well as metastatic brain cancer refers to cancers that have spread to the brain from other tissues. Because of the venous barrier in the body, brain cancers seldom spread to other areas of the body (save the spine).

Headache:

Not all headaches indicate the presence of a brain tumour. It affects just a small percentage of persons who get headaches. The tumour's quick development and location, such as the posterior fossa, are known to produce more migraines than others. The typical headache caused by a brain tumour is less prevalent than a migraine or tension headache. To diagnose the cause of the headache, imaging (MRI/CT) is a crucial and necessary step.

Seizure:

A seizure occurs when the brain's electrical activity suddenly increases. Seizures differ in type depending on which lobe they impact. Some seizures are barely visible, while others are very incapacitating. The most frequent brain tumour symptom is convulsions, often known as epilepsy. In 20 to 40 per cent of patients, it begins with beginning symptoms, while another 20 to 45 per cent have seizures as the condition progresses. glioneuronal tumours (70-80 per cent) are the most prevalent kind of brain tumour, especially in individuals with frontotemporal abnormalities. Seizures affect 60-70 per cent of patients with low-grade glioma, 20-30 per cent of meningioma patients, and 20-35 per cent of patients with metastatic brain tumours. About 60-90 per cent of individuals survive when a tumour is surgically removed.

Vomiting or nausea:

A brain tumour or other intracranial disease can produce nausea and vomiting. In brain tumour patients, increasing intracranial pressure or direct activation of the vomiting area in the brain stem can cause vomiting or nausea. Other pathologies, such as gastrointestinal infections, can cause vomiting and nausea.

Vision problems:

If a brain tumour is located in the area of the brain that controls vision or the optic nerve, symptoms such as blurred vision, double vision, hazy vision, partial or complete blindness, colour blindness, and loss of peripheral vision may occur. Optic neuropathy might occur as a direct effect of the tumour or as a result of increased intracranial pressure and optic nerve injury.

Neurological symptoms with peripheral neuropathy:

A brain tumour or malignancy of the central nervous system can cause considerable neurological morbidity. The consequences of the illness might affect both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Cancers can spread to the spine and, in many cases, induce spinal cord compression or transection due to the vertebra's participation in the malignancy. It can also induce coagulation problems or hypercoagulability, as well as cerebrovascular problems.

Self-identity difficulties and confusion:

Neurocognitive abilities can be affected by a brain tumour. Confusion over one's own identity is also possible. The tumour can disrupt self-identity by causing changes in consciousness and neurocognitive areas.

Memory loss with vision and judgement problems:

Brain tumours can impact the neurocognitive domain, which includes memory and perception. It's possible that the sufferer won't remember what happened. The patient's capacity to perceive things may be severely harmed, leading to symptoms including hallucinations and difficulty with impulse control.

Sleep-wake cycle disruptions:

The most serious and prevalent symptoms described by primary brain tumour patients are problems with sleep-wake cycles. One of the causes of sleep cycle disruption might be a loss in cognition impairment, exhaustion, or other factors. Sleep difficulties might also be caused by intracranial inflammation. Patients with sleep-wake disruptions may have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep, waking up too early, feeling tired, or spending too much time awake during the day.

Issues with communication (language impairment):

The temporal lobe is in charge of both speech and image semantic processing. They may generate and interpret languages in conjunction with the frontal lobe. A patient may experience speech problems if a tumour impairs their function. Language impairment, speaking difficulties, memory loss resulting in word loss and poor recall, inability to assess a discussion, and other communication challenges may be present.

Hearing loss/issues and balance problems:

Tinnitus (ringing noise in the ear) is frequent in brain tumours that damage the VIIIth nerve and cause hearing loss or impairment. A diminished capacity to grasp what is being said may indicate hearing loss. Hearing loss can occur gradually or suddenly.