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1 Answers

Anubhav Sharma
Anubhav Sharma 21 Sep 2025
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Operators are symbols or keywords in Python that perform operations on variables and values.

Example:

x = 10
y = 5
print(x + y)  # + is an operator → output: 15

1. Arithmetic Operators

Used for basic math operations.

Operator Description Example Result
+ Addition 10 + 5 15
- Subtraction 10 - 5 5
* Multiplication 10 * 5 50
/ Division 10 / 5 2.0 (always float)
// Floor Division 10 // 3 3 (drops decimal)
% Modulus (remainder) 10 % 3 1
** Exponentiation 2 ** 3 8

Example:

a, b = 10, 3
print(a + b)   # 13
print(a / b)   # 3.333...
print(a // b)  # 3
print(a % b)   # 1
print(a ** b)  # 1000

2. Comparison (Relational) Operators

Used to compare two values → return True or False.

Operator Description Example Result
== Equal to 5 == 5 True
!= Not equal 5 != 3 True
> Greater than 5 > 3 True
< Less than 5 < 3 False
>= Greater than or equal 5 >= 5 True
<= Less than or equal 3 <= 5 True

Example:

x, y = 7, 10
print(x == y)  # False
print(x < y)   # True
print(x >= 7)  # True

3. Assignment Operators

Used to assign values to variables (sometimes with an operation).

Operator Example Equivalent To
= x = 5 assigns value
+= x += 3 x = x + 3
-= x -= 2 x = x - 2
*= x *= 4 x = x * 4
/= x /= 2 x = x / 2
//= x //= 3 x = x // 3
%= x %= 2 x = x % 2
**= x **= 3 x = x ** 3

Example:

x = 10
x += 5   # x = 15
x *= 2   # x = 30
print(x)

4. Logical Operators

Used for logical conditions (returns True/False).

Operator Example Meaning
and (x > 5 and y < 10) True if both conditions are True
or (x > 5 or y < 10) True if at least one condition is True
not not(x > 5) Reverses result

Example:

x, y = 8, 3
print(x > 5 and y < 5)  # True
print(x > 10 or y < 5)  # True
print(not(x > 5))       # False

5. Identity Operators

Used to check if two objects are the same in memory.

Operator Example Meaning
is x is y True if same object
is not x is not y True if not same object

Example:

a = [1, 2, 3]
b = a
c = [1, 2, 3]

print(a is b)      # True (same object in memory)
print(a is c)      # False (same content, but different objects)
print(a == c)      # True (values are equal)

6. Membership Operators

Used to check if a value is inside a sequence (list, tuple, string, etc.).

Operator Example Meaning
in "a" in "apple" True
not in "z" not in "apple" True

Example:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print("apple" in fruits)     # True
print("mango" not in fruits) # True

7. Bitwise Operators

Work at the bit level (binary representation).

Operator Example Meaning
& 5 & 3 AND
` ` `5
^ 5 ^ 3 XOR
~ ~5 NOT (inverts bits)
<< 5 << 1 Left shift
>> 5 >> 1 Right shift

Example:

x, y = 5, 3  # 5 = 0101, 3 = 0011 (binary)

print(x & y)   # 1  (0101 & 0011 = 0001)
print(x | y)   # 7  (0101 | 0011 = 0111)
print(x ^ y)   # 6  (0101 ^ 0011 = 0110)
print(x << 1)  # 10 (0101 << 1 = 1010)
print(x >> 1)  # 2  (0101 >> 1 = 0010)

Summary

  • Arithmetic → Math (+ - * / % // **)
  • Comparison → Compare values (== != > < >= <=)
  • Assignment → Assign/update (= += -= ...)
  • Logical → Boolean logic (and, or, not)
  • Identity → Same object? (is, is not)
  • Membership → Inside sequence? (in, not in)
  • Bitwise → Binary operations (& | ^ ~ << >>)
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